Operation Sea Lion (Invasion of Britain) in WWII

Operation Sea Lion was the German plan for the invasion of Britain in  World War II  (1939-1945) and was planned for sometime in late 1940, after the Fall of France. Background With the German victory over Poland in the opening campaigns of World War II, leaders in Berlin commenced planning for fighting in the west against France and Britain. These plans called for the capture of ports along the English Channel followed by efforts to force Britains surrender. How this was to be accomplished quickly became a matter of debate among the German militarys senior leadership.  This saw Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, commander of the Kriegsmarine, and Reichsmarschall Hermann Gà ¶ring of the Luftwaffe both argue against a seaborne invasion and lobby for various types of blockades aimed at crippling the British economy. Conversely, the army leadership advocated for landings in East Anglia, which would see 100,000 men put ashore. Raeder countered this by arguing that it would take a year to assemble the shipping required and that the British Home Fleet would need to be neutralized.  Gà ¶ring continued to argue that such a cross-channel effort could only be made as final act of an already victorious war against Britain. Despite these misgivings, in the summer of 1940, shortly after Germanys stunning conquest of France, Adolf Hitler turned his attention to the possibility of an invasion of Britain. Somewhat surprised that London had rebuffed peace overtures, he issued Directive No. 16 on July 16 which stated, As England, in spite of the hopelessness of her military position, has so far shown herself unwilling to come to any compromise, I have decided to begin to prepare for, and if necessary to carry out, an invasion of England...and if necessary the island will be occupied. For this to succeed, Hitler laid out four conditions that had to be met to ensure success. Similar to those identified by German military planners in late 1939, they included elimination of the Royal Air Force to ensure air superiority, clearing of the English Channel of mines and the laying of German mines, the emplacing of artillery along the English Channel, and preventing the Royal Navy from interfering with the landings. Though pushed by Hitler, neither Raeder or Gà ¶ring actively supported the invasion plan. Having taken serious losses to the surface fleet during the invasion of Norway, Raeder came to actively oppose the effort as the Kriegsmarine lacked the warships to either defeat the Home Fleet or support a crossing of the Channel. German Planning Dubbed Operation Sea Lion, planning moved forward under the guidance of Chief of the General Staff General Fritz Halder. Though Hitler had originally desired to invade on August 16, it was soon realized that this date was unrealistic. Meeting with planners on July 31, Hitler was informed that most desired to postpone the operation until May 1941. As this would remove the political threat of the operation, Hitler refused this request but agreed to push Sea Lion back until September 16. In the early stages, the invasion plan for Sea Lion called for landings on a 200-mile front from Lyme Regis east to Ramsgate. This would have seen Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leebs Army Group C cross from Cherbourg and land at Lyme Regis while Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedts Army Group A sailed from Le Havre and the Calais area to land the southeast. Possessing a small and depleted surface fleet, Raeder opposed this broad front approach as he felt it could not be defended from the Royal Navy. As Gà ¶ring began intense attacks against the RAF in August, which developed into the Battle of Britain, Halder vehemently attacked his naval counterpart, feeling that a narrow invasion front would lead to heavy casualties. The Plan Changes Bowing to Raeders arguments, Hitler agreed to narrow the scope of the invasion on August 13 with the westernmost landings to be made at Worthing. As such, only Army Group A would take part in the initial landings. Composed of the 9th and 16th Armies, von Rundstedts command would cross the Channel and establish a front from the Thames Estuary to Portsmouth. Pausing, they would build up their forces before conducting a pincer attack against London. This taken, German forces would advance north to around the 52nd parallel. Hitler assumed that Britain would surrender by the time his troops reached this line. As the invasion plan continued to be in flux, Raeder was plagued by a lack of purpose-built landing craft. To remedy this situation, the Kriegsmarine gathered around 2,400 barges from around Europe. Though a large number, they were still insufficient for the invasion and could only be used in relatively calm seas. As these were gathered in the Channel ports, Raeder continued to be concerned that his naval forces would be insufficient to combat the Royal Navys Home Fleet. To further support the invasion, a myriad of heavy guns were emplaced along the Straits of Dover. British Preparations Aware of German invasion preparations, the British began defensive planning. Though a large number of men were available, much of the British Armys heavy equipment had been lost during the Dunkirk Evacuation. Appointed Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces in late May, General Sir Edmund Ironside was tasked with overseeing the islands defense. Lacking sufficient mobile forces, he elected to construct a system of static defensive lines around southern Britain, which were backed by the heavier General Headquarters Anti-tank Line. These lines were to be supported by a small mobile reserve. Delayed and Cancelled On September 3, with British Spitfires and Hurricanes still controlling the skies over southern Britain, Sea Lion was again postponed, first to September 21 and then, eleven days later, to September 27. On September 15, Gà ¶ring launched massive raids against Britain in an attempt to crush Air Chief Marshal Hugh Dowdings Fighter Command. Defeated, the Luftwaffe took heavy losses. Summoning Gà ¶ring and von Rundstedt on September 17, Hitler indefinitely postponed Operation Sea Lion citing the Luftwaffes failure to obtain air superiority and a general lack of coordination between the branches of the German military. Turning his attention eastward to the Soviet Union and planning for Operation Barbarossa, Hitler never returned to the invasion of Britain and the invasion barges were ultimately dispersed. In the years after the war, many officers and historians have debated whether Operation Sea Lion could have succeeded. Most have concluded that it likely would have failed due to the strength of the Royal Navy and the Kriegsmarines inability to prevent it from interfering with the landings and subsequent re-supply of those troops already ashore. Sources Cruickshank, Dan. â€Å"History - World Wars: The German Threat to Britain in World War Two.†Ã‚  BBC, BBC, 21 June 2011â€Å"Operation Sealion.†Ã‚  History Learning SiteDunkirk evacuation, Operation Sealion and the Battle of Britain.  The Other Side

Janies Self-Discovery Essay - 1481 Words

Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is about a young woman that is lost in her own world. She longs to be a part of something and to have â€Å"a great journey to the horizons in search of people† (85). Janie Crawford’s journey to the horizon is told as a story to her best friend Phoebe. She experiences three marriages and three communities that â€Å"represent increasingly wide circles of experience and opportunities for expression of personal choice† (Crabtree). Their Eyes Were Watching God is an important fiction piece that explores relations throughout black communities and families. It also examines different issues such as, gender and class and these issues bring forth the theme of voice. In Janie’s attempt to find herself, she†¦show more content†¦Nanny’s idea of a marriage is â€Å"a haven from indiscriminate sexual exploitation and as a shelter from financial instability† (Jordan). Janie’s marriage to h er first husband, Logan Killicks, is an unexpected grief and he disgusts her sexually. She tries to love him but their relationship lacks intimacy, romance, and fun. Throughout the novel, Janie is on a mission and she soon finds out â€Å"that marriage did not make love. Janie’s first dream was dead, so she became a woman† (24). Killicks think Janie is spoiled and â€Å"counts Janie among the livestock on his farm, estimating her value by her ability to produce greater surplus value† (Ha 33). It is when Janie realizes Killicks plans to put her to work on a mule because she does not bore him any heir that she runs off with Joe Starks. Joe Starks is a â€Å"quick-thinking, fast-talking, ambitious man, headed for a newly founded all black community, where he plans to make a fortune† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody offers up a new start to Janie and she leaps at the opportunity of marrying him, â€Å"committing bigamy† (Rosenblatt 30). Jody becomes the mayor of Eatonville and provides Janie with a middle-class furnished house that does not provide her â€Å"with the felicity and self-fulfillment that she needs† (Ha 33). Janie is treated no more or less than that of the mayor’s wife.Show MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God893 Words   |  4 PagesThis quote exemplifies Janie’s desire for answers throughout her three relationships, displaying what she is longingly seeking for in life. Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, follows the life of protagonist, Janie Crawford, a confident, middle-aged black woman who goes throughout life discovering her quest for spiritual enlightenment and self-discovery. In the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston explains the hardships as ideas of maturity, sexism, and social class. Throughout theRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1110 Words   |  5 Pagesan answer seeking her, but where? When? How?† (Hurston 11). 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In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Zora Neale Hurston juxtaposes opposing places to emphasize the experience gained by the novel’s protagonist, Janie, in each respective location, and to emphasize the effect of that environment on Janie’s journey to attain her dreams. Through this comparison, the author explores the ideaRead MoreThe Symbolism of Janies Hair in Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God 697 Words   |  3 Pagesthe book, Janie’s life experiences serve as a metaphor for the historical struggle of both women and Black Americans to achieve equal rights, and various symbols throughout the book are significant in this context. Janie’s hair, in particular, is the clearest example of a symbol that represents her power and individuality. Two of the most important instances in which Hurst on uses Janie’s hair as a symbol are when Janie’s hair serves as a symbol of Jody Stark’s oppression and when Janie’s hair representsRead MoreStereotypes and Distorted Images in Their Eyes Were Watching God. by Janie Crawford840 Words   |  4 Pageswith the stereotypes and distorted images of a consumerist society. As a result, they often struggle with a loss of identity because mass media try to dictate what they should want to be and do. Zora Neale Hurston tackles this age-old search for self-discovery in her fictional frame story Their Eyes Were Watching God. Janie Crawford tells her best friend, Pheoby, about her quest for her own voice, despite setbacks in the form of relatives, two husbands, and entire towns that attempt to silence her.Read More Essay on Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God1123 Words   |  5 PagesEyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurstons Their Eyes Were Watching God, Janie Crawford is the heroine. She helps women to deal with their own problems by dealing with hers. She deals with personal relationships as well as searches for self-awareness. Janie Crawford is more than a heroine, however, she is a woman who has overcome the restrictions placed on her by the oppressive forces and people in her life.    As a young woman, Janie had no complaints about her role in societyRead MoreEssay - Their Eyes Were Watching God1510 Words   |  7 Pagesof the trials and tribulations along the road of self discovery for the story’s main character, Janie. Of the many symbols used throughout the novel, one in particular - Janie’s hair - is subtle yet striking as it gives us insight into Janie’s perceived social status, oppression, self identity, and her eventual independence through her self identity as a woman despite the social norms of the time period. From the very beginning of the book, Janie’s long, straight, flowing black hair causes a stirRead MoreEssay on Their Eyes Were Watching God: Personal Relationships680 Words   |  3 Pagessearch for self-awareness in Their Eyes Were Watching God , has created a heroine in Janie Crawford. In fact, the female perspective is introduced immediately. quot;Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordinglyquot; (Their Eyes 1). On the very first page of Their Eyes Were Watching God, the contrast is made between men and women, thus initiating Janies search for

Music and Emotion free essay sample

Music affects people in various ways. Ones reaction to music differs from person to person. It can evoke emotions of both Joy and happiness. Music can stir up old memories of different times, places, and people. In the U. S. A major part of life Is music, as stated by Natalie Clue Adams and Pamela J. Beetles, American Institution that can tell us something about ourselves, like jazz, baseball, and cheerleaders, are also not static but being created anew with each generation. (Remix 240. ) One can see how large of a role music plays in peoples lives, and thats why Im proposing a loudly based on celebrating and enjoying music all over the world. One thing that just about every culture has in common is music. Music is embraced In cultures everywhere, and thats why a day devoted to music would be the perfect holiday. All over the world people would take the day off to celebrate, listen to, play, and all around enjoy all types of music. Tradition is important, it brings families and friends closer together and allows for them to bond and strengthen their relationships. The list of things to do on Music Day is endless. You can begin a family tradition, go along with other’s traditions, or just go with the flow every year and still have a great time. If a particular tradition catches on to enough people it may eventually become custom. Some things, such as exchanging gifts, would most likely become customary. The exchanging of gifts, mostly likely they would be gift that had something to do with music. Whether it be a musical instrument it self of just band shirts, posters, or cd’s. All types music related gifts could be given. This is just one more thing to look forward to on Music Day. This is another holiday that is all about giving, and not only in the way you may think. Someone can buy their girlfriend a CD in hopes that she will return the favor, but the giving I’m talking about requires no reciprocation. A majority of the proceeds from Music Day merchandise sales and other activities that profit from the holiday would go straight to a Charity of the companies choices. This not only makes the holiday fun for everyone, but it has a good moral factor to it. â€Å"Giving is the best gift,† I’m sure we have all heard this saying before, and there’s a reason for that. It is. The benefits of a massive world wide donation to hundreds of different charities would make such a major impact that participators of Music Day wouldn’t be able to help but feel good. At some point in time it may even be a part of Music Day to see how much we as a people can actually donate to charity. Trying to break previous records would be a fun way to raise for money for those who need it. This holiday would be a top holiday on anyone’s list. Who can argue with giving to charity? The last, but not least part of music day is the free concert series. Once a year on a summer day musicians from every country will tune their instruments and power up their amplifiers in preparation of Music Day. Everyone from popular artists to local bands would hit the stage and play just for the love of music. Free concerts available in just about every town for everyone to enjoy. This would give people a chance to go hear their favorite music artists. This opens up the idea of travel on Music Day. People and their families may want to go see a performer who is far away, and what better way to go on a small family vacation. I can just hear it now, â€Å"Hey Kids pack your bags were going to New York City for Music day. † The key to this aspect of the holiday is for all the concerts to be free of charge, so that way everyone who wants to has the option to go listen to professional musicians. Whether it is the symphony, a bluegrass show, a solo pianists, the latest rap artist, or even a heavy metal band performances would be taking place all day so there is always something for everyone. Parents can go down to the jazz club, or check out an oldies concert while the kids see the local punk bands performing just down the block. This event would of course be massive and require a lot of planning and thought, but a holiday celebrating the joy music brings to our lives is well worth that. Plus Music Day would be a holiday everyone would look forward to. Going to concerts is fun and exciting. People pay big bucks to see professionals do their thing on stage and walk away feeling like they got the best out of their money. The free concerts would be gain public popularity in no time at all, and pretty soon people would be counting down the days until Music Day. In conclusion, Music Day would be the ideal new holiday. A summer holiday that everyone could enjoy, and not only would it be for fun and partying, it would be for a good cause. New family traditions would arise and bring people closer together one more day out of the year. It would give people a chance to perhaps see someone perform when otherwise they would have never been able to do so. Picnics, family time, concerts, travel, tradition, and the list goes on and on. Music Day would be a huge hit, and a great way to celebrate an important part of life.

Internationalization of Business

Introduction Internationalization has become the main avenue organizations can expand and spread their activities with intention of growth, sustainability and increased profits (Tjosvold and Leung 2003). Elecdyne Company has specialized in electronic manufacture and supply, where the company has largely concentrated on Japan’s market (Anonymous N.d). However, for sometime now, the company has stagnated in terms of growth.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internationalization of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, to deal with the issue and realize faster growth, the company has to internationalize where it will access new markets, technology, and benefits from low labor costs. However, before it undertakes the process, the company needs to carry out thorough global business environment. This will enable the company to know its environment better. Analysis of general global environment faci ng business Stonehouse and Campbell (2004) observe that organizations like Elecdyne Company that has intentions of internationalizing need to conduct external business analysis to conceptualize and acquaint with factors likely to influence the business. External business environment has been found to comprise economic forces, politico-legal forces, cultural-social, and technological forces (Murphy 2005). At the same time, the ecological environment has become key component of external business. Analysis of these factors enables any firm with intentions of expanding internationally to acquaint itself with the external or country conditions in which it operates. Moreover, global business environment can be conceptualized and understood by using the Porter’s Model of Competitive Advantage of Nations developed in 1990 (Kazmi, 2008). According to Porter, competitive advantage of nations can be found in four major and critical national characteristics that in most cases create an e nvironment that is conducive to creating globally competitive advantage (Kazmi, 2008). The four national characteristics (diamond determinants) are also seen to be interrelated hence are likely to influence each other. The four diamond determinants are: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, and firm strategy, structure and rivalry (Kazmi, 2008). Factor conditions constitute special factors that also include inputs needed for production. Some of these special factors constitute aspects like natural resources a country has, presence of raw materials, infrastructure, technology, research and development opportunities, and labor which a particular country has and support business activities. As a result, internationalization process is likely to take place in a country that exhibit more factor conditions.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Demand conditions on the other hand have to do with characteristics, size and nature of consumer needs in the domestic market. It is always perceived that when domestic consumer market is demanding, firms are forced to produce more and also adhere to quality standards, and this may be the conditions for domestic firms to exert their presence in international market (Kazmi, 2008). The related and supporting industries are another diamond determinants analyzed by Porter. According to Porter, the presence of related and supporting industries constitute aspects such as networks of suppliers and distributors that cooperate with the industry to support it in international competition (Kazmi, 2008). Lastly, the firm strategy, structure and rivalry have to do with the robustness of domestic competition (Kazmi, 2008). When the domestic industry is robust in terms of competitiveness, it is seen to have the capacity to influence the increase in productivity that is needed to compete internationally (Kazmi, 2008). Specific business environments facing the business Internationalization is a process that is achieved after a period, hence in most cases is long-term planning process. As a result, the organization has to establish its resource capacity and capability in order to know whether internationalization is possible or not (Murphy, 2005). Further, the organization should ensure its vision and mission are ingrained in the larger strategy to internationalize. In other words, achieving objectives and goals of internationalization should be in line with vision and mission of the organization. In order to internationalize, Elecdyne Company needs to carry out analysis of three countries selected that offer potential for the company. These three countries provide potential and opportunity for Elecdyne Company to internationalize. The company has to analyze all these PEST factors as they affect its broader goals in the country. Moreover, the company has to consider these factors wit hin the limits of its vision, mission, and available resources. China Political China is ruled by the Communist Party. What this has translated is that, China as whole experience less democracy in the part and as citizens of China. Business laws in the country are framed under the Foreign Trade Law of the People’s Republic of China (Haberer 2011). The Communist party influences to large extent the business and market policies. This has further resulted into China having special economic zones, chaotic pension scheme, problems with copyright or intellectual property rights (Haberer 2011), and corruption high (Haberer 2011).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internationalization of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, Japan mode of government is bureaucratic in nature controlled by bureaucratic elites and government ministries. Laws are formulated out of these bureaucratic and unlike China, transparency is relative more visible given strong establishment of punishment and corruption institutions. Economic Economic aspects that characterize China include the fact that, GDP growth has reduced but it remains above 7% (Haberer, 2011). There is increase in the rate of urbanization, which acts to drive economic growth. There is strong foreign investment, which is catalyst for growth (Haberer 2011). Lastly, the country has lower labor and property costs. Japan is almost on the same par with China and the country boost technological economic power. On lighter note, economic regulations in Japan tend to be more favorable and less stringent than those of China (Haberer 2011). Socio-cultural Has the largest population in the world, estimated to be about 1,330 million (Haberer 2011).Has large number of urban ‘socialites’. The society is growing as population increase, earning is increasing among households, and largely guided by the Quanxi culture. Japan has le ss population compared to China hence consumption demand is likely to be higher in China than Japan. Technological Compared to majority of western countries, China seems to lag behind in technology. However, what is evident is that, technology in the country is growing and much of technologies come from Western societies (Haberer 2011). Japan on the other hand is way above China in terms of technology. Sweden Political Sweden as society is ruled by monarchy. Political conditions are stable. Country’s regulatory regime encourages both local and domestic investors. Some regulations are ineffective that lead to slow in GDP of the country, slow creation of innovation solutions, and slow development of research programmes (Capdevielle, Li, and Nogal 2007). Policy of transparency wide in the country and this has eliminated aspects of tricks, corruption, cheating, and fraud. The country rated as one of the highest with efficient account ant standards in the world. Compared to Japan system of governance, Sweden scores highly than Japan where public institutions in the country are transparent and efficient. In fact Sweden has been ranked at position two (2) worldwide as the best competitive place to conduct business ().Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic The country has national economic strategy split into four categories that it pursues its economic goals with (Capdevielle, Li and Nogal 2007). Issues of trade unions rights persist in the country and these issues sometimes may make it difficult to start business in the country. These issues make it difficult for companies to start business activities. International trade policy remains flexible and easy for foreign investors to establish. Inflation has been contained below 3%. Employment rate high hence people have more money to spend. More so, tax ration still remain highest in the company as compared to other world countries (Capdevielle, Li and Nogal 2007). Again, economic performance of Sweden is growing as compared to Japan. Socio-cultural Sweden has a society that is largely tolerant, embracing, and accommodating and appreciates cultural diverse (Capdevielle, Li, and Nogal 2007).Freedom of expression and association characterizes the country. Equity in the society is upheld between genders (Capdevielle, Li, and Nogal 2007). Human rights are highly observed. Consumerism remains again characteristic of this society. Socio-cultural aspects of Sweden tend to be slightly well performing as compared to Japan although the two countries relatively perform well. Technology Sweden has superior technology in transport, communication, IT, research and development and innovations (Capdevielle, Li, and Nogal 2007). Furthermore, society favors and has embraced sustainable information technology society. Sweden just like Japan has accelerated efforts in innovation and investment in high technology power. Brazil Political Brazil is ruled by Workers Party and its allies. Democracy is vibrant and political stability is effective. In addition, the country has dysfunctional and corrupt judicial systems (Haberer 2011). Moreover, the country has large informal economy due to burdensome tax bills. Brazil faces the problems of violence, drugs (Haberer 2011). Furthermor e, the country, exercise orthodox macroeconomics policies: floating exchange rate, inflation, and fiscal restraints (Haberer, 2011). Political stability and performance of governance institutions as compared to Japan are still below, hence Japanese are likely to experience some high levels of institutional corruption in the country. Economic Brazil had an improved GDP in 2008 as compared to 2007 (Haberer 2011). The economy of the country depend on traditional markets-USA and EU. Moreover, the country’s economy appears to be less vulnerable to external economic shocks. There is unequal income distribution in the country (Haberer 2011). In addition, Brazil has great public debt problem though it is improving. Lastly, the country boosts abundance of major commodities (Haberer, 2011). Brazil economy constitutes of developing societies hence still lags behind Japan. But the country is promising in terms of economic growth. Social Brazil has demographic composition that is young; h ence, the aspect of consumerism is high. Population is growing and this may be viable for market in future (Communicaid Group, 2009). Urban migration is increasing. Income disparities in the country remain relatively high. However, as trends indicate, income per household has been increasing thus consumption needs are likely to increase (Haberer, 2011). Consumerism among Brazilian is high especially among the youth population and this may auger well for Japanese companies. Technology Technological advancement in the country is gradually progressing although consumers still prefer western products since they demonstrate high level of technology. Research and development continues to expand although still largely ineffective. Technology in the country still lacks from innovation initiatives and research and development remain poorly established. Factors that Elecdyne should collect information on Elecdyne Company after selecting the appropriate country it will set its base and establi sh market, need to carry out another analysis concerning two critical aspects. The two critical aspects include culture-related factors and risk factors that Elecdyne should collect information. Having this information, the company will be able to conduct its internationalization strategy more successfully. Culture-related factors Elecdyne should gather information on Cultural aspects have been found to affect the way a business operate and functions in the wider environment (Hofstede, 2001). Therefore, to identify culture related factors as far as international marketing is concerned, the following aspects need to be investigated by Elecdyne Company. First, Elecdyne Company needs to investigate and analyze the dominant beliefs, norms and values exhibited by the society it is likely to set business in. Hofstede cultural dimensions model can be used to analyze national cultural differences between Japan and the countries it is likely to internationalize to. For example, Hofstede deve loped five dimensions which are: power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation (Hofstede, 2001). The essence of these dimensions has been to analyze and differentiate national cultures of different countries. For instance, countries in East and South Asia, and South America, where Japan, Brazil and China are included have been found to exhibit higher power distance as compared to European countries (Sweden) (Suwannapirom and Burapha University, 2005). Higher power distance indicates that the society is largely inclined to values and beliefs that accept inequality and leaders are important in decision-making process (Aswathappa, 2010). Moreover, organizational hierarchies are more defined and explained. On the other hand, individualism as compared to collectivism is seen to be predominant in European countries (Sweden) as compared to Asian and South American countries that embrace collectivism (Suwannapirom and Burapha University, 2005). According to high individualistic countries, people have personal responsibilities, individual achievement is ideal, and people should not be emotionally attached to organization or group (Aswathappa, 2010). On the other hand, collectivism societies embrace group work, decision-making should be based on consensus, and group loyalty is strong (Aswathappa, 2010). Masculinity is another dimension investigated by Hofstede, where the author observed that Japan as compared to Sweden exhibit higher level of masculinity tendency (Aswathappa, 2010). Higher masculine societies emphasize outline and differentiation of gender roles and men are seen to be more assertive and dominant (Aswathappa, 2010). Other countries in this category may include China and Brazil which are part of Asia and South America continents respectively. Other aspects of high masculine society has to do with vesting men with decision-making power, work is more valued and prioritized than family and advancement, success a nd money are important (Suwannapirom and Burapha University, 2005). Uncertainty avoidance is seen to be higher in China, Japan, Brazil, and other related Asian and South American societies as compared to Northern America and European countries (Aswathappa, 2010). Societies that have high levels of uncertainty avoidance are likely to be characterized by belies and norms such as; conflict should be avoided, people perceived to be deviant should be tolerated, laws are necessary and should be adhered to, authorities decisions should be respected, and consensus is important and necessary in reaching agreement (Suwannapirom and Burapha University, 2005). The essence of this is that, a country like Sweden as compared to Japan or China is likely to experience less structuring of activities, fewer written rules dominate, managers are risk-takers, higher labor turnover and many employees are ambitious (Aswathappa, 2010). Risk factors that Elecdyne should collect information on Apart from coll ecting information on cultural aspects on the country it wants to establish operations in, Elecdyne Company should look for factors of role of chance and the role of government in new locations or societies it perceives to be appropriate for business. These two aspects are part of Porter’s diamonds (Barragan, 2005). The role of chance has to do with factors present in the external environment which may affect international business. Such factors include: war, political conflicts, both man-made and natural disasters (Barragan, 2005). These events which may be actually out of control are likely to impact the business environment in a particular country or region. At the same time, the role of government has been found to affect and influence international business. Government role may be largely manifested in aspects like the policies and regulations it set and formulate in the country which can benefit or adversely affect the competency of a country and industry in internation al business (Barragan, 2005). Apart from analyzing the aspects identified above, the company should also investigate and analyze internal risk factors that may affect its plan to internationalize. The internal aspects may include resource capacity of the company to ensure the process is not suffocated by lack of resources (Hoskisson, Hitt, and Ireland 2008). In addition, organizational cultural change should be evaluated to see how risk it pose to the plans of the company. Employee resistance and readiness to the programme should also be evaluated as a risk that can stall the process. Lastly, the company’s vision and mission should be evaluated to see it is in line with global goals to internationalize. Conclusion Internationalization is a process that should be undertaken after a thorough global environmental scanning. Various aspects have to be investigated and analyzed before arriving to conclusions that will benefit the company. Elecdyne Company can no longer confine itse lf to Japan’s market but requires movement to other markets. As it has been established, global business environment include the four famous PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural and technology and Porter’s Diamond Analysis. Given the situation Elecdyne Company faces: competition, high salary costs and lack of technology, the company will need to invest in international market. To successfully chart this opportunity the company needs to carry out cultural analysis and risk analysis of key aspects. This will enable the company to have a strategic international plan which has ability to succeed and enable the company realize growth. References Aswathappa, K., 2010. International Business. 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